Kidneys & Urinary System, Posterior Abdominal Wall, & Thoracic Diaphragm study guide   What are the three openings through the thoracic diaphragm? Where is the lateral arcuate ligament? What muscle does it lie over? Medial arcuate ligament? What is the lumbocostal trigone? *Skirt steak = diaphragm       What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?       What is the lumbar plexus? Identify the following nerves: subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, quadratus lumborum contributions, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, iliacus & psoas contributions, femoral, obturator, lumbosacral trunk.       What is the cremasteric reflex? What are the afferent and efferent components of this arc?       What is the sympathetic innervation in the abdomen? Which ramus communicans is always pre-ganglionic? Post-ganglionic? What are splanchnic nerves? What are the four types of GVE thoracolumbar outflow?       How do the splanchnic nerves end up doing stuff in the abdomen? What are the four notable splanchnics and their ganglia? What are the four general steps of visceral sympathetic outflow (proximal to distal)? Which supply the foregut? Midgut? Hindgut? Which splanchnic nerve supplies the ileum?       What is the difference between a nerve plexus and ganglion? What nerve passes through but does not synapse in the celiac ganglia?       Where does the brain perceive GVA pain from the pleura? Gall bladder? Intestines? Pancreas? Kidney? Ureter? Bladder?       What are intramural ganglia? What system of the ANS has them?       What is the structure of the abdominal cavity in and around the kidney? Know these structures: renal fascia, peritoneum, fascia transversalis, pararenal fat, perirenal fat, fibrous (renal) capsule, hilum, renal sinus, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, psoas, latissimus dorsi. Which fascia is continuous with the fascia transversalis?       Describe the internal anatomy of the kidney. Include these structures: fibrous capsule, columns, cortex (what does it contain?), medulla, pyramids (what do they contain? What do they project to?), minor calices, major calices, papillae, renal pelvis, ureter, renal sinus (contains fat).       What are the four ways urine transport is controlled?       Where are the three constrictions of the ureter?       What are kidney stones? How do you get them? How do you help ward them off? How might a physician treat it?       What is Brodal's line?       What is the function of the adrenal cortex? Medulla? Diagram the anatomy: cortex, medulla, superior suprarenal aa. (inferior phrenic a.), middle suprarenal aa. (from aorta), inferior suprarenal aa. (from renal a.).       What are the deep arteries of the posterior abdomen? Include: superior suprarenal, inf phrenic, middle suprarenal, inf suprarenal, first lumbar, left gonadal, median sacral, IMA. Where does the right suprarenal v. drain? Left? What drains blood from the testes? What veins do those veins enter?       What are the branches of the inferior vena cava? Include: Common iliac, gonadal, azygous, superior vena cava.       What is the lymphatic drainage in the abdominal cavity? Include: celiac nodes, superior mesenteric nodes, left and right lumbar nodes, inferior mesenteric nodes (only on left). Where do all of these nodes return to? Where will you find the cisterna chyli? MRS. SPINAL CORD