Thorax 2 study guide

What is the difference between the pulmonary cavities, pleural cavities, and mediastinal cavities?



What are the four mediastinal cavities? What is in the anterior mediastinum?



What are the two major components of the pericardium? Which layer is inelastic?



What is pericarditis? Pericardial effusion? Cardiac tamponade?



What is a pericardiocentesis? Where is the needle inserted? Why does the physician not create a pneumothorax with this technique?



Which quadrant of the heart is near the base of the hear? Apex? Where do the superior and inferior vena cavae empty into?



What is the transverse pericardial sinus? What vessels on the heart does it divide?



Diagram the flow of blood in the cardiorespiratory system?



What is a pulmonary embolism? What usually causes it? What are some other risk factors? What are signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism? How is it treated?



Diagram the arteries of the heart. Include: left coronary, circumflex branch, left anterior descending, posterior descending, right coronary, sinuatrial nodal branch, marginal branch. What makes a heart left dominant? Right dominant? Which is the more common presentation?



Diagram the veins of the heart. Include: anterior cardiac, great cardiac, coronary sinus, small cardiac, middle cardiac, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava. Which veins drain directly into the right atrium?



How is it that a heart attack can be felt as pain in the left arm?



What is a myocardial infarction? What is a coronary artery bypass graft? Where do the grafts usually come from? What is atherosclerosis?



Diagram internal structures of the heart. Include: pectinate muscle, crista terminalis, fossa ovalis, right/left atrium/ventricle, tricuspid valve, papillary muscle, coronary sinus, septal marginal band, chordae tendinae, pulmonary semilunar valve, trabeculae carnae, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, bicuspid valve, aortic nodules, aortic sinuses (what are these for?).



What are the types of valvular heart disease? What is stenosis? Insufficiency? Mitral valve prolapse? What causes a murmur? Which part of the heart cycle corresponds to the lub heart sound? Dub?



How does CPR work?



What are the four auscultation positions? Where is for the aortic valve? Mitral valve? Pulmonary valve? Tricuspid valve?



What is the path of electrical conduction in the heart?



What is an artificial cardiac pacemaker? How does it work?



Compare and contrast fetal circulation to circulation after birth? Which structures persist as vestigial remnants?